This article only collects and records commonly used command lines and their use in specific scenarios, and does not introduce them in detail.

Copy

Copy a file

Copy file.txt to documents/

cp file.txt documents/

### Copy a directory

Copy the entire `music/` directory to the `media/` directory

```sh
cp -a music media/
# Or write
cp -a music/ media/music/

Create a file copy

Create a copy file.bak.txt from file.txt

cp file.txt file.bak.txt
# Or write
cp file{,.bak}.txt

Create a directory copy

Create a copy from music/

cp -a music/ media/
# If the media directory does not exist
cp -a music media/

Move

Move a file

Write Move file.txt to documents/

mv file.txt documents/
# Do not ignore the `/` after document, otherwise it will be regarded as a renamed file

Rename a file

Rename file.txt to readme.md

mv file.txt readme.md

Move a directory

Move the directory music/ to the directory media/

mv music media/
# Or write it as
mv music/ media/music

Rename a directory

Rename the directory music/ to media/

mv music/ media/

Merge directory files

Merge the images/ directory into the images2/ directory

# -a is equivalent to -rlptgoD , means archive, files with the same name will be overwritten
rsync -a images/ images2/

Create

Create a file

Create file.txt

touch file.txt # If the file exists, update its permissions and modification time

# Or use
> file.txt # If the file exists, clear the file content

Create a directory

Create music/ directory

mkdir music
# Create a series of folders
mkdir -p media/music/rock

View information

File and directory size

du -sh node_modules/

File information

stat -x file # MacOS
stat file # Linux

File content

View file content

cat file.txt
# If the file is too large, use `less` Let's view the content one page at a time
less file.txt

Directory files

View the files in the directory

ls folder
# -l: Display in list format. -a: Display all files including hidden files. -la Combine the above two options.
ls -la folder
# -r: Display in reverse order. -t: Sort by modification time. -h: Display size in human-readable format.
ls -alrth folder

Display the file tree of all files and subdirectories in the directory

tree folder # Linux
find . -print | sed -e 's;[^/]*/;|____;g;s;____|; |;g' # MacOS
# You can also install the `tree` command line tool on MacOS using `brew install tree`

Open a file

Open a file with the default program

xdg-open file # Linux
open file # MacOS
start file # Windows

Open a file in any program

open -a appName file

Delete

Delete a file

Delete file.txt

rm file.txt

Delete a directory

Delete music/ directory

rm -r music

Unzip

Compress the entire directory

Compress the directory music/ to archive.zip

zip -r archive.zip music

Unzip a file

Unzip archive.zip

unzip archive.zip

Take a quick look at a compressed file

Take a quick look at the files in the compressed file

zipinfo archive.zip
# Or
unzip -l archive.zip

Search

Find old files

Find all files that were last modified 5 days ago

find folder -mtime +5

Retrieve file contents

grep -i "music" file.txt

grep can retrieve specific content in a file, some common supporting command line parameters:

• -i: case sensitive
• -A/-B/-C <N>: display the context, -A means the next N lines, -B means the first N lines, -C means the N lines before and after
• -E: use regular expressions to match
• -v: invert (output non-matching lines)
• -l: only output file names that can match the content
• -F: do not treat the search content as a regular expression
• -r: recursively match the contents of all files in the directory
• -o: Output only the matching parts (not the whole line)
• -a: Search binary files too, instead of ignoring them!

Force quit the program

killall program_name

Network

Server response

curl -i https://pengzhanbo.cn

Check domain name/address connection

Check whether a domain name or a certain port of the address can be connected

nc -vz pengzhanbo.cn 443
nc -vz 1.1.1.1 443

Domain name DNS configuration

dig pengzhanbo.cn

Domain name owner and registration information

whois pengzhanbo.cn

Hotkeys

• Ctrl + A Jump to the beginning of the command line you are currently editing

• Ctrl + E Jump to the end of the command line you are currently editing

• Ctrl + L Clear the screen, similar to the clear command

• Ctrl + U clears the content before the cursor in the line (clears the entire line at the end of the line)

• Ctrl + H is the same as backspace

• Ctrl + R allows you to search for previously used command line records

• Ctrl + C force stop the current program

• Ctrl + D exit the current shell (shell/command line interface)

• Ctrl + Z suspend the currently running program, use fg to resume running

• Ctrl + W delete the word before the cursor

• Ctrl + K clear the content after the cursor in the line

• Ctrl + T swap the two characters before the cursor

• Esc + T swap the two words before the cursor

• Alt + F move the cursor to the next word in the line

• Alt + B move the cursor to the previous word in the line

• Tab automatically completes the name of the file/directory

MacOS

!! # execute the previous command again
sudo !! # execute the previous command as an administrator
!<word> # Prefix the command line with a specific command line and execute the previous command
!<word>:p # Display the previous command with a prefix, but do not execute it
<space>command # Execute the command, but do not save it to the history
echo "ls -l" | at midnight # Execute the command at a specific time
caffeinate -u -t 3600 # Prevent your mac from sleeping for the next hour
ls -lhs # Sort the files in a directory by size
qlmanage -p <file> # Call "Quick View" from the command line
top -o vsize # See what is slowing down your mac